2020版高考英语二轮复习 专题一 语法运用 第三节 基础保分一 名词和冠词课件

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专题一语法运用第三节核心考点讲练通基础保分一名词和冠词(一)名词语法填空题对名词的考查主要包括名词的单复数和所有格,以及给出动词、形容词等提示词要求写出适当的名词形式。短文改错题重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词的词性转换等。解答有关名词的题目时,一定要注意名词前的修饰成分,如数词、量词、常修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词的词或短语等,来判断其是需要可数名词单数形式、复数形式还是不可数名词;有的还要结合语境分析句子成分,来判断是否需要作主语、宾语、表语或定语的名词。语法填空中的名词考点[高考这样考]1.(2019·高考全国卷Ⅰ)InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa________(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.2.(2018·高考全国卷Ⅲ)MynameisMireyaMayor.I'ma____________(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.3.(2017·高考全国卷Ⅰ)Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(医学界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside____________(effect)...4.(2017·高考全国卷Ⅲ)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher____________(educate).[题目这么解]1.提示词为名词时,分析句子成分后若发现词性不需要改变,则一般考查所给名词的复数形式或同源名词(如题2);如果作定语表示“……的”,则一般考查名词的所有格。2.如果空格处作主语,且谓语动词是单数形式,则空格处应填名词单数形式;若谓语动词是复数形式,则空格处应填名词复数形式。当空格处作宾语时,常用提示词的名词形式(如题4)。3.通过限定词判断名词单复数(1)不定冠词a,an后用名词单数形式(如题1);(2)有these,those,several,some,many,all,both,different,afew等词修饰时名词用复数形式(如题3);(3)若可数名词无限定词修饰,则该名词用复数形式;(4)名词前有oneof时用名词复数形式。自我诊断:1.belief2.scientist3.effects4.education[类题对点练]1.(2019·河南郑州二次质检)Online,manyofthemarguedthattheshow'sdelayedtransmissionbroketheirchildren'sconceptofpunctuality(punctual).2.Inthelatestdevelopment(develop),thecity'sHongqiaoRailwayStation,oneofAsia'sbiggesttrafficcenters,haslauncheda5Gnetwork.3.(2019·河北百校联盟一测)Mandarinisacategory(种类)ofChinesedialects(dialect)spokenacrossmostofnorthernandsouthwesternChina.4.Forfans(fan)ofthistrain,beingslowisactuallyagoodthing.5.(2019·湖北鄂东期中)Theymightnotbeusedtohavingtotalfreedom(free)inhowtheyplantheirdaysandnights.6.(2019·浙江杭州质检)I'vedinedaloneinfinerestaurantsfordecadeswithgreatsatisfaction(satisfy)andnoneedordesireforcompany.短文改错中的名词考点[高考这样考]1.(2019·高考全国卷Ⅰ)Allthefootballplayerontheplaygroundcheeredloudly,sayingthatIhadatalentforfootball.____________2.(2018·高考全国卷Ⅱ)WhenIwaslittle,Friday'snightwasourfamilygamenight.____________3.(2017·高考全国卷Ⅱ)Besides,theyoftengetsomeusefulinformationsfromtheInternet.____________[题目这么解]1.表示两个或两个以上的数量词后应跟可数名词复数(如题1);而alittle,little,much,agreat/gooddealof,alargeamountof,largeamountsof等修饰不可数名词;2.谓语动词是复数形式,则主语必须用复数形式或表示复数意义;3.名词作定语只有表示“……的”时才用所有格形式(如题2,此处表示“周五晚上”);4.不可数名词没有复数形式,此类常见的词有advice,news,progress,housework,information等(如题3);5.注意约定俗成的名词的用法,如常用复数形式的Customs(海关),manners(礼貌),greetings(问候的话),wishes(祝愿),congratulations(祝贺),thanks(谢谢)等。自我诊断:1.player→players2.Friday's→Friday3.informations→information[类题对点练](请按照高考要求在原句上修改)1.(2018·高考全国卷Ⅰ)LastwinterwhenIwentthereagain,theyhadabigseparatehousetoraisedozensofchicken.答案:LastwinterwhenIwentthereagain,theyhadabigseparatehousetoraisedozensofchickenchickens.2.(2018·高考全国卷Ⅱ)Aftersupper,wewouldplaycardgamesofallsortinthesittingroom.答案:Aftersupper,wewouldplaycardgamesofallsortsortsinthesittingroom.3.(2018·高考全国卷Ⅲ)Theclassroomisaplaceforlearningandthatincludeslearningfromtextbooks,andmistakeaswell.答案:Theclassroomisaplaceforlearningandthatincludeslearningfromtextbooks,andmistakemistakesaswell.4.(2019·陕西西安期中检测)Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessishonest.答案:Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessishonesthonesty.5.(2019·河南郑州质量检测)WhentheyreturnedtoRockawaythenextday,theyfoundtheirneighborhoodinruin.答案:WhentheyreturnedtoRockawaythenextday,theyfoundtheirneighborhoodinruinruins.名词考点的核心知识提炼一、名词变复数的规则1.一般在名词词尾直接加­s。friend→friendsnation→nationsinterest→interests2.词尾是s,x,ch,sh时一般加­es。bus→busesfox→foxescoach→coachesbush→bushes注意:stomach(胃部)的复数形式是在词尾直接加s。3.词尾是“辅音字母+y”时,变y为i再加es;词尾是“元音字母+y”时,直接加s。enemy→enemieshobby→hobbieskey→keys4.词尾是f或fe时,少数直接加s;多数将f或fe去掉再加ves。roof→roofsbelief→beliefsshelf→shelvesknife→knivesleaf→leaves5.词尾是“辅音字母+o”时,直接加es;词尾是“元音字母+o”时,直接加s;有些以o结尾的外来词和缩略词(photo,piano)直接加s。tomato→tomatoespotato→potatoeszoo→zoosbamboo→bamboosphoto→photospiano→pianos二、名词变复数的不规则变化1.单复数同形的名词。sheepdeeraircraftChinesemeans(手段)works(工厂)2.自身有特殊变化的名词。child→childrentooth→teethfoot→feetmouse→micemedium→mediaphenomenon→phenomena(二)冠词冠词是语法填空题的常考点,经常考查不定冠词a,an和定冠词the的基本用法和固定搭配。解答冠词类题目时,首先需要明确设空处是表示特指还是泛指,如果是前者用the,后者则需要再判断用a还是an。短文改错中的冠词类题目,除了判断是表示特指还是泛指外,还需要注意单数可数名词前是否有冠词,同时对常见的固定搭配中的冠词也要熟练掌握。语法填空中的冠词考点[高考这样考]1.(2019·高考全国卷Ⅰ)Of____________nineteenrecognizedpolarbearsubpopulations,threearedeclining.2.(2018·高考全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly,I'mfacetofacewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingat__________topofherlungs.3.(2017·高考全国卷Ⅲ)Instead,sheisearning£6,500adayas____________modelinNewYork.[题目这么解]1.先断定是不是填冠词:如果空格后有名词(短语)而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义,或者有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式,那么空格处一般是填冠词。2.再确定填什么冠词:使用定冠词的情景——特指双熟悉(如题1),上文已提及,序数最高级,世上的独一,固定搭配不可替(如题2);使用不定冠词的情景——泛指一类人与物,与one同义表数量,只知有一不知谁,词首字母读元音——冠词就要用an,其他一律用a(如题3)。自我诊断:1.the2.the3.a[类题对点练]1.(2017·高考全国卷Ⅱ)Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,layingthetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofoverthetop.2.(2019·湖北黄冈质检)OnediscoveryImadeaboutgivingsomethingawayisthatitisalmostpossibletogiveanythingawayinthisworld,andthereturnoftencomesinanunexpectedway.3.(2019·浙江宁波十校联考)Withacolorfulgroupofdancers,awiderangeofmusicandanatmosphereoffunandcelebration,thecarnivalisnottobemissed.4.Asa_romanticpoet,someofhispoems,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