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毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：Linux文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：2017.02.141.1.History1.1.1.UNIXInordertounderstandthepopularityofLinux,weneedtotravelbackintime,about30yearsago...Imaginecomputersasbigashouses,evenstadiums.Whilethesizesofthosecomputersposedsubstantialproblems,therewasonethingthatmadethisevenworse:everycomputerhadadifferentoperatingsystem.Softwarewasalwayscustomizedtoserveaspecificpurpose,andsoftwareforonegivensystemdidn'trunonanothersystem.Beingabletoworkwithonesystemdidn'tautomaticallymeanthatyoucouldworkwithanother.Itwasdifficult,bothfortheusersandthesystemadministrators.Computerswereextremelyexpensivethen,andsacrificeshadtobemadeevenaftertheoriginalpurchasejusttogettheuserstounderstandhowtheyworked.ThetotalcostofITwasenormous.Technologicallytheworldwasnotquitethatadvanced,sotheyhadtolivewiththesizeforanotherdecade.In1969,ateamofdevelopersintheBellLabslaboratoriesstartedworkingonasolutionforthesoftwareproblem,toaddressthesecompatibilityissues.Theydevelopedanewoperatingsystem,whichwassimpleandelegantwrittenintheCprogramminglanguageinsteadofinassemblycodeabletorecyclecode.TheBellLabsdevelopersnamedtheirprojectUNIX.Thecoderecyclingfeatureswereveryimportant.Untilthen,allcommerciallyavailablecomputersystemswerewritteninacodespecificallydevelopedforonesystem.UNIXontheotherhandneededonlyasmallpieceofthatspecialcode,whichisnowcommonlynamedthekernel.ThiskernelistheonlypieceofcodethatneedstobeadaptedforeveryspecificsystemandformsthebaseoftheUNIXsystem.Theoperatingsystemandallotherfunctionswerebuiltaroundthiskernelandwritteninahigherprogramminglanguage,C.ThislanguagewasespeciallydevelopedforcreatingtheUNIXsystem.Usingthisnewtechnique,itwasmucheasiertodevelopanoperatingsystemthatcouldrunonmanydifferenttypesofhardware.Thesoftwarevendorswerequicktoadapt,sincetheycouldselltentimesmoresoftwarealmosteffortlessly.Weirdnewsituationscameinexistence:imagineforinstancecomputersfromdifferentvendorscommunicatinginthesamenetwork,orusersworkingondifferentsystemswithouttheneedforextraeducationtouseanothercomputer.UNIXdidagreatdealtohelpusersbecomecompatiblewithdifferentsystems.ThroughoutthenextcoupleofdecadesthedevelopmentofUNIXcontinued.MorethingsbecamepossibletodoandmorehardwareandsoftwarevendorsaddedsupportforUNIXtotheirproducts.UNIXwasinitiallyfoundonlyinverylargeenvironmentswithmainframesandminicomputers(notethataPCisamicrocomputer).Youhadtoworkatauniversity,forthegovernmentorforlargefinancialcorporationsinordertogetyourhandsonaUNIXsystem.Butsmallercomputerswerebeingdeveloped,andbytheendofthe80's,manypeoplehadhomecomputers.Bythattime,therewereseveralversionsofUNIXavailableforthePCarchitecture,butnoneofthemweretrulyfree.1.1.3.CurrentapplicationofLinuxsystemsTodayLinuxhasjoinedthedesktopmarket.Linuxdevelopersconcentratedonnetworkingandservicesinthebeginning,andofficeapplicationshavebeenthelastbarriertobetakendown.Wedon'tliketoadmitthatMicrosoftisrulingthismarket,soplentyofalternativeshavebeenstartedoverthelastcoupleofyearstomakeLinuxanacceptablechoiceasaworkstation,providinganeasyuserinterfaceandMScompatibleofficeapplicationslikewordprocessors,spreadsheets,presentationsandthelike.Ontheserverside,Linuxiswell-knownasastableandreliableplatform,providingdatabaseandtradingservicesforcompanieslikeAmazon,thewell-knownonlinebookshop,USPostOffice,theGermanarmyandsuch.EspeciallyInternetprovidersandInternetserviceprovidershavegrownfondofLinuxasfirewall,proxy-andwebserver,andyouwillfindaLinuxboxwithinreachofeveryUNIXsystemadministratorwhoappreciatesacomfortablemanagementstation.ClustersofLinuxmachinesareusedinthecreationofmoviessuchasTitanic,Shrekandothers.Inpostoffices,theyarethenervecentersthatroutemailandinlargesearchengine,clustersareusedtoperforminternetsearches.Theseareonlyafewofthethousandsofheavy-dutyjobsthatLinuxisperformingday-to-dayacrosstheworld.ItisalsoworthtonotethatmodernLinuxnotonlyrunsonworkstations,mid-andhigh-endservers,butalsoongadgetslikePDA's,mobiles,ashiploadofembeddedapplicationsandevenonexperimentalwristwatches.ThismakesLinuxtheonlyoperatingsystemintheworldcoveringsuchawiderangeofhardware.1.2.Theuserinterface1.2.1.IsLinuxdifficult?WhetherLinuxisdifficulttolearndependsonthepersonyou'reasking.ExperiencedUNIXuserswillsayno,becauseLinuxisanidealoperatingsystemforpower-usersandprogrammers,becauseithasbeenandisbeingdevelopedbysuchpeople.Everythingagoodprogrammercanwishforisavailable:compilers,libraries,developmentanddebuggingtools.ThesepackagescomewitheverystandardLinuxdistribution.TheC-compilerisincludedforfree,allthedocumentationandmanualsarethere,andexamplesareoftenincludedtohelpyougetstartedinnotime.ItfeelslikeUNIXandswitchingbetweenUNIXandLinuxisanaturalthing.IntheearlydaysofLinux,beinganexpertwaskindofrequiredtostartusingthesystem..ItwascommonpracticetotellabeginningusertoRTFM(readthemanuals).Whilethemanualswereoneverysystem,itwasdifficulttofindthedocumentation,andevenifsomeonedid,explanationswereinsuchtechnicaltermsthatthenewuserbecameeasilydiscouragedfromlearningthesystem.The