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定语从句一、定语从句的定义在句子中起定语作用、修饰句中的某一名词或代词的从句为定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词，可以代表人、物或者全句。定语从句由关系代词和关系副词引导。关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that,as关系副词：when,where,why关系代词和关系副词在从句中充当一个语法成分。例如：Thisisthebookthatmyfatherboughtmeyesterday.Thetimewhenhearrivesisunknown.二、关系词引导的定语从句1.关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。⑴指人的关系代词who,whom,whose,that的用法。①作主语(who/that)Themanwho/thatistalkingwithMr.Wangisafamousdoctor.②作宾语包括作介词宾语(whom/that)。Sheisthegirlwhom/thatImetattheparty.Ishethedoctorwhom/thatyouarelookingfor?③作定语whoseThegirlwhoseEnglishisverygoodwonthefirstplaceinthe100-metrerace.⑵指物的关系代词which,whose和that的用法that既可以代表事物也可以代表人，which代表事物，它们在从句中作主语或宾语；whose一般指人，但有时指物，在从句中作定语。①作主语Themoneythat/whichisinthewalletismine.Adictionaryisausefulbookwhichtellsusthemeaningofwords.②作宾语Thechairwhich/thatyoubrokeyesterdayisnowbeingrepaired.③作定语Thehousewhoseroofneedsrepairingisonlythreeyearsold.★在下列情况下，关系代词只能用that:①当先行词为all,anything,something,nothing,much,little,few,none,any等不定代词或被no,only,very等词修饰时，只能用thatTherearefewbooksthatyoucanreadinthisbookstore.Heistheonlypersonthatunderstandsme.Thisistheveryquestionthatcameupatthemeeting.Isthereanythingthatyouwanttotellme?Allthatshouldbedonehasbeendone.HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?ThereisnothingthatIcantellyou.我没什么事要告诉你。ThereislittlethatIcandotomakeupforthelosttime.我几乎不能做什么来弥补时间上的损失。②当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。如：ThelastplacethatwevisitedwastheGreatWall.Thisisthethirdbookthatshehasgivenme.Thisisthebestfilmthathasbeenshownthisyear.Thefirststatementthatwasissuedgaveveryfewdetails.最先发布的声明没有公布什么细节。③当先行词既有人也有物时，即先行词包括有指人和指物的名词及其短语时，关系代词用thatDoyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?Thecharactersandtheirdeedsthathedescribesinhisnovelarefamiliartome.他在小说中描写的人物及其事迹我很熟悉。④当先行词为特殊疑问词who时，关系代词只能用thatWhothathaveseenhimdonotlikehim?哪个见过他的人不喜欢他呢？⑶关系代词的选择①关系代词指人时，用who比that普遍。如：Wemustunitewithallthosewhocanbeunited.我们必须团结一切可以团结的人。②.关系代词指物时，用which或that在限定性定语从句中一般没什么区别。如：Itisthisshirtwhich/thatIwillletyouhave.③当先行词和定语从句被其他句子成分隔开时，用who或which较为恰当，用that容易造成句子结构不清楚。如：Awarbrokeoutwhichlastedforfortyyears.一场延续了40年的战争爆发了。AnybodycanexplainthiswhoknowsEnglishgrammar.任何懂得英语语法的人都能解释这一点。④先行词为集合名词时，如果该词指一个整体，则关系代词用which；如果指组成整体的所有成员，则关系代词用who。如：Ourteam,whoareallingoodform,willdowellinthecomingmatches.我们组织良好的队伍在未来赛事中一定会表现出色。Ourteam,whichplacedsecondlastyear,playedevenbetterthisyear.去年排名第二的我们队今年打得更为出色。⑤当关系代词在从句中做表语时，只能用that或which，不能用who或whom，但可以省略。如：Heisnotthemanthathewas.Theschoolisquitedifferentfromtheonethatitusedtobe.★只用which，不用that的情况①当关系代词前有介词时，只用whichThisisthehouseofwhichthewindowsfacesouth.②引导非限制性定语从句，which可代表先行词或者前句，译成“这一点，这些事”Tomcameback,whichmadeushappy.③先行词为that，those时，引导词用whichWhat’sthatwhichwasputinthecar?④一个句子中有两个定语，为了避免重复，一个用that，另一个用whichLetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.⑸介词+关系代词：关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词宾语的用法★whom,which在定语从句中作介词宾语时，介词可放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句中原来的位置上。如：Thepicture,forwhichhepaid$5000,wasonceownedbyaduke.他花了5000美元买下的画曾为一位公爵所拥有。Thestudentwhomwearetalkingaboutcameupwithaverygoodproposalattheclassmeeting.我们正谈及的那位学生在班会上提出了一项很好的建议。★whom,which如果是含有介词的短语动词的宾语时，这时由不及物动词和介词构成的短语动词一般不可拆开，仍放在动词后。如：Thebabieswhomthenurseslookafteralllookhappyandenergetic.护士们照顾的婴儿们看起来都快活精神。Isthistheboxwhichyouarelookingfor?这是你要找的盒子吗？★whom,which作介词of的宾语时，有如下的特殊结构：名词（数词或代词）+of+whom（或which）。如：Heisreadingabook,thenameofwhichIdon’tknow.他在读一本书，书名我不知道。Inourclasstherearefifteenstudents,threeofwhomarefromBeijing.我们班上有15名学生，其中3名是北京人。说明：关系代词that在定语从句中作介词宾语时，介词不能放在that之前，只能放在从句中原来的位置上。如：Letmehavealookatthemagzinethatyoutalkedaboutyesterday.①介词+关系代词=when，在定语从句中作时间状语Istillrememberthedayonwhich/whenhefirstcamehere.②介词+关系代词=whereItistheveryplaceinwhich/wheretheanti-Japanesesoldiersfoughtoversixtyyearsago.③介词for+关系代词which=why；在定语从句中作原因状语Idon’tknowthereasonforwhich/whysheisunhappytoday.④介词+关系代词=that，在定语从句中作方式状语Therearemanydifferentkindsofwaysinwhich/thattheycansolvetheproblem.⑹关系代词的省略引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在某些特定的情况下可以省略，但在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不可省略。★关系代词在从句中作代词的宾语时。Hereisthebook(which)youmentionedyesterday.All(that)Ihaveisatyourdisposal.我的东西你随便用好了。作介词宾语，且介词放在谓语动词之后时，关系代词可省略。如：Smogisoneofthegrowinproblems(that)sciencemustdealwith.烟雾是一个必须用科学解决的严重问题之一。Therearemanyhouses(that)I’dliketosee.Generationgapisaproblempeopleareinterestedin.★关系代词在从句中作表语时。Hewillbecometheman(which)thefamilywantshimtobe.他将成为家庭所期望的人。④therebe结构作定语从句时，关系代词可省略。Thisistheonlyreferencebook(that)thereisinourdepartmentlibrary.我们系图书馆里只有这一本参考书。定语从句练习（关系代词）一、单项选择1.Afootballfan（球迷）is_____hasastronginterestinfootball.A.athingthatB.somethingthatC.apersonwhoD.what2.Alltheapples_____felldownwereeatenbythepigs.A.thatB.thoseC.whichD.what3.Achild_____parentsaredeadiscalledanorphan(孤儿).A.whoB.who’sC.whoseD.which4.Hewrotealettertome,tellingmeeverything____hesawonthewaytoBeijing.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.where5.Thatistheonlything_____wecandonow.A.whichB.whatC.allD.that6.Lookout!Don’tgettooclosetothehouse_____roofisunderrepair.A.whoseB.whichC.ofwhichD.that7、Youcantakeanyseatisfree.A．inwhichB．thatC．whereD．which8、Isthereanythingtoyou?A．thatbelongB．whichbe