语言学教程-第三版-Chapter-2-Speech-Sound

中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网官方总站：圣才学习网中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Ashumanbeingswearecapableofmakingallkindsofsounds,butonlysomeofthesesoundshavebecomeunitsinthelanguagesystem.■Wecananalyzespeechsoundsfromvariousperspectivesandthetwomajorareasofstudyarephoneticsandphonology.■Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.2.0BriefIntroduction中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Naturally,thestudyofsoundsisdividedintothreemainareas,eachdealingwithonepartoftheprocess:■ArticulatoryPhoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.■AcousticPhoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.■PerceptualorAuditoryPhoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.■Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.■Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.■Inphonologywenormallybeginbyanalyzinganindividuallanguage,sayEnglish,inordertodetermineitsphonologicalstructure,i.e.whichsoundunitsareusedandhowtheyareputtogether.■Thenwecomparethepropertiesofsoundsystemsindifferentlanguagesinordertomakehypothesesabouttherulesthatunderlietheuseofsoundsinthem,andultimatelyweaimtodiscovertherulesthatunderliethesoundpatternsofalllanguages.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网[人大2003研]【答案】Acousticphoneticsisatechnicalareaoflinguistics.Itisthestudyofsoundwavesmadebythehumanvocalorgansforcommunication.2.Auditoryphoneticsstudieshowsoundsareperceivedbythespeaker.[清华2001研]【答案】F英语专业考研真题精选中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网官方总站：圣才学习网官方总站：圣才学习网:voicing(initial&thewidestaperture)中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Speechorgans(orvocalorgans):thosepartsofhumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech.■Thepharynx,mouth,andnoseformthethreecavitiesofthevocaltract.■Speechsoundsareproducedwithanairstreamastheirsourcesofenergy.■Intheoralandnasalcavities:themouthandthenoseareoftenreferredto,respectively,astheoralcavityandthenasalcavity.■Thevocalfoldsareeitherapart,closetogether,ortotallyclosed.■Apart:theaircanpassthrougheasilyandthesoundproducedissaidtobevoiceless,e.g.consonants[p,s,t].■Closetogether:theairstreamcausesthemtovibrateagainsteachotherandtheresultantsoundissaidtobevoiced,e.g.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.■Totallyclosed:noaircanpassbetweenthem.Theresultofthisgestureistheglottalstop[ʔ].中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■In1886,thePhoneticTeachers’AssociationwasinauguratedbyasmallgroupoflanguageteachersinFrancewhohadfoundthepracticeofphoneticsusefulintheirteachingandwishedtopopularizetheirmethods.■ItwaschangedtoitspresenttitleoftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation(IPA)in1897.■OneofthefirstactivitiesoftheAssociationwastoproduceajournalinwhichthecontentswereprintedentirelyinphonetictranscription.■TheideaofestablishingaphoneticalphabetwasfirstproposedbytheDanishgrammarianandphoneticianOttoJespersen(1860-1943)in1886,and■ThefirstversionoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(theIPAchart)waspublishedinAugust1888.■Itsmainprincipleswerethat:■thereshouldbeaseparateletterforeachdistinctivesound,■thesamesymbolshouldbeusedforthatsoundinanylanguageinwhichitappears,and■thealphabetwastoconsistofasmanyRomanalphabetlettersaspossible,usingnewlettersanddiacriticsonlywhenabsolutelynecessary.■Theseprinciplescontinuetobefollowedtoday.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Theconsonantsarethendividedintopulmonicandnon-pulmonicconsonants:■PULMONICsoundsareproducedbypushingairoutofthelungs,asinmostcircumstances.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■NON-PULMONICsoundsareproducedbyeithersuckingairintothemouth,inthecaseofclicks,orclosingtheglottisandmanipulatingtheairbetweentheglottisandaplaceofarticulationfurtherforwardinthevocaltract,asisthecaseofimplosivesandejectives.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■The“othersymbols”areactuallyagroupofconsonantsthatinvolvemorethanoneplaceormannerofarticulation,whichcannotbeplacedintooneoftheslotsintheconsonantchart.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网