Postcolonialism

Postcolonialism071106169062敖惠贞071106168069陈小青071106168077李小婉071106168091周晓仪Content•DefinitionofPostcolonialism•Representatives：EdwardW.Said&OrientalismHomiK.Bhabha&Hybridity•TextualAnalysis:SlumdogMillionaireDefinitionofpostcolonialism•Postcolonialismiscontinuationofdecolonization,carriedonintheWesternacademy,oftentermedasPostcolonialStudies.•Itisaspecificallypost-modernintellectualdiscoursethatconsistsofreactionsto,andanalysisof,theculturallegacyofcolonialism.•Itbroadlyconcernswithasetoftheoriesaboutphilosophy,film,politicalscience,sociology,feminism,religiousandtheologicalstudies,andliterature.Representatives•EdwardSaid(萨义德)•GayatriC.Spivak(斯皮瓦克)•HomiK.Bhabha(霍米·巴巴)•一起被誉为后殖民理论的“圣三位一体”EdwardW.Said(1935-2003)Afoundingfigureinpostcolonialism,knownbestforhisbookOrientalism,whichpresentedhisinfluentialideasonOrientalism.HewasaPalestinian-Americanliterarytheorist,aprofessorofEnglishandComparativeLiteratureatColumbiaUniversity.EdwardWSaidEdwardWSaidwroteextensivelyonthesubjectofculturalimperialism.Hisworkattemptstohighlighttheinaccuraciesofmanyassumptionsaboutculturesandsocieties,andislargelyinformedbyMichelFoucault'sconceptsofdiscourseandpower.(“话语”与“权力”理论)Orientalism----AWesternstudyofEasternCulture•OrientalismisaconstellationoffalseassumptionsunderlyingWesternattitudestowardtheMiddleEast.•Itisanauthoritativediscoursebasedondualismofoppositesandessentialism.•ItexpressesandrepresentsEuropeancultureandmaterialcivilizationculturallyandevenideologicallyasamodeofdiscoursewithsupportinginstitutionsvocabulary,scholarship,imagery,doctrines,evencolonialbureaucraciesandcolonialstyles.HomiK.Bhabha(霍米·巴巴)•HomiK.Bhabha---theAnneF.RothenbergProfessorofEnglishandAmericanLiteratureandLanguage---theDirectoroftheHumanitiesCenteratHarvardUniversity.•Heisoneofthemostimportantfiguresincontemporarypost-colonialstudies,andhascoinedanumberofthefield’sneologismsandkeyconcepts,suchashybridity,mimicry,difference,ambivalence.•Suchtermsdescribewaysinwhichcolonizedpeoples（被殖民者）haveresistedthepowerofthecolonizer（殖民者）,accordingtoBhabha'stheory.Hybridity•Hybridity,originatingfromtheLatinhybrida,refersinitsmostbasicsensetomixture.•Thetermoriginatesfrombiologyandwassubsequentlyemployedinlinguisticsandinracialtheoryinthenineteenthcentury.（混杂性）Hybridity•HomiBhabhadevelopedthehybriditytheoryinTheLocationofCulture(1994)(《文化的定位》)whichanalysestheliminalityofhybridityasaparadigmofcolonialanxiety.•Hiskeyargumentisthatcolonialhybridity,asaculturalform,producedambivalenceinthecolonialmastersandassuchalteredtheauthorityofpower.Hybridity•Bhabha’sargumentshavebecomekeyinthediscussionofhybridity.Whileheoriginallydevelopedhisthesiswithrespecttonarrativesofculturalimperialism,hisworkalsodevelopstheconceptwithrespecttotheculturalpoliticsofmigrancyinthecontemporarymetropolis.•Thiscritiqueofculturalimperialisthybriditymeantthattherhetoricofhybriditybecamemoreconcernedwithchallengingessentialismandhasbeenappliedtosociologicaltheoriesofidentity,multiculturalism,andracism.Hybridity•霍米·巴巴最早将混杂性的概念借用到了后殖民理论对殖民者和被殖民者之间的关系的研究中。•在后殖民研究中，巴巴认为殖民者对被殖民者的统治与压迫并不仅仅是权力的单向运作，实际上它们之间的关系是彼此交织、难以严格划界和区分的。被殖民者通过带有差异的重复模拟殖民话语，使之变得不纯，从而进一步解构、颠覆殖民话语。thecolonizerthecolonizeddominateandoppressImitateandsubvertSlumdogMillionaire•ThemovieSlumdogMillionairetellsusastoryofaformerstreetchildfromtheDharavislums,JamalMalik,whotookpartinaquizshowandbecameamillionaireovernight.•ThemovieopenswithJamalparticipatinganIndianquizshownamedWhowantstobeamillionairewhilethereremainsonlyonequestionpreventinghimfromwinningamillion.However,theshowceasesinaflash,Jamalwasarrestedbythepoliceman,beingaccusedofdeceiving,fortheyinsistedthatastreetchildfromaslumhasnopossibilitytocorrectlyanswersomanyquestions.Inordertoprovehisinnocence,Jamalwasforcedtotellhishistoryofgrowingupintheslum.TextualAnalysis:SlumdogMillionaire•CulturalImperialism:Duplicity(双重性)Dreamylove(爱情梦幻化)•Thediscoursepower(话语权):theFirstWorldV.S.theThirdWorld•DualismContentCulturalImperialism文化帝国主义Culturalimperialismisthepracticeofpromotingamorepowerfulcultureoveraleastknownordesirableculture.Itisusuallythecasethattheformerbelongstoalarge,economicallyormilitarilypowerfulnationandthelatterbelongstoasmaller,lesspowerfulone.TextualAnalysis:SlumdogMillionaireReferenceCulturalimperialismcantaketheformofanactive,formalpolicyorageneralattitude.Ametaphorofcolonialismisused:theculturalproductsofthefirstworldinvadethethird-worldandconquerlocalculture.TextualAnalysis:SlumdogMillionaire---Firstly,itisembodiedintheOrientalculturalhegemonybetweenChineseandwesternduringthenationalculturecommunication.（第一重体现为民族文化交流中西方对东方的文化霸权。）AtthebeginningofSlumdogMillionaire,therewasanastonishingpicturewhichisfulloforientalimagineintheeyesoftheWesterners:theslumwasdirtyandinamess;pilesofstinkgarbage;childrenareinragsandrunningaround;theviolence;thepolicetorturingpeopleandsoon.CulturalImperialism-Duplicity（双重性）Thedirectorseemstosendusamessagethatbeingsavageandbeingsavedarethethemeofthemovie.HeshotthefilminapositionoftheWesternerratherthantheOriental.TheattitudetowardsIndiai