chapter6翻译教程

073010234AnaDefinitionoftranslationunit:Manytranslationtheoristsdefinedtheunitoftranslationintheirownways.Forinstance,VinayandDarbelnetdefinetheunitoftranslationas“thesmallestsegmentofanutterancewhosecohesionofsignsissuchthattheymustnotbeseparatelytranslated”.Inotherwords,thetranslationunitistheminimalstretchoflanguagethathastobetranslatedtogether,asoneunit.AccordingtoPeterNewmark:theargumentaboutthelengthoftheUT,whichhasbeenputsuccinctlybyW.Haas,“asshortasispossible,aslongasisnecessary”,isaconcretereflectionoftheage-oldconflictbetweenfreeandliteraltranslation,thefreerthetranslation,thelongertheUT;themoreliteralthetranslation,theshortertheUT,theclosertotheword,or,inpoetry,eventothemorpheme.Freetranslationhasalwaysfavoredthesentence;literaltranslationtheword.Now,sincetheriseoftextlinguistics,freetranslationhasmovedfromthesentencetothewholetext.DiscourseanalysisDiscourseanalysiscanbedefinedastheanalysisoftextsbeyondandabovethesentence–theattempttofindlinguisticregularitiesindiscourse.Itsmainconceptsarecohesion(thefeaturesthatbindsentencestoeachothergrammaticallyandlexically)andcoherence(thenotionalandlogicalunityofatext).TheCoherenceofaDiscourse(连贯):Considerfirstitsgenre.Next,considerthestructureofthetext.Notionally,thismayconsistof:athesis,anantithesis,andasynthesis;anintroduction,anentryintothesubject,aspectsandexamples,aconclusion;etc.Coherencemeanstomakecleartothereadertherelationshipofsentencetosentenceandparagraphtoparagraph.Thereareseveralwaystodothis.Coherencecanbeachievedbyputtingthepartsinasequencethatismeaningfulandrelevant(logicalsequence,chronologicalorderororderofimportance);obtainedbyusingtransitionalwords;achievedbyenumeratingideastoremindthereaderofthedevelopment.Inaword,intranslatingthetranslatorshouldtryhardtofirstrecognizeandthentransmitthecoherenceinherentinthesourcetextintothetargettext.Example:HewasfirstintroducedtotheemployeesatthewelcomingpartybyhisfriendPeterNewmarkwhowasalreadymanagingdirectorofthecorporation.他是欢迎宴会上由他当时已是公司总裁的朋友彼德·纽马克首次介绍给公司员工。他是欢迎宴会上由他的朋友彼德·纽马克首次介绍给公司员工的，而彼德·纽马克当时已是该公司的总裁了。TheCohesionofaDiscourse衔接：Whenweconsidertherelationsbetweensentences,themostcommonformsareconnectivesdenotingaddition,contradiction,contrast,result,etc.词汇衔接指语篇中前后词语之间的语义联系，是语言语境的重要组成部分。这就是说，英语的句群内，甚至相隔较远的语篇内，有时会产生重复关系、同义关系、上下义关系、部分与整体的关系等，构成词语之间的衔接机制。在这种情况下，译者就要仔细研读原文，善于捕捉这些起衔接作用的词语，从而对原文作出正确的解读。Example:MyfatheronceboughtaLincolnconvertible.Hediditbysavingeverypennyhecould.Thatcarwouldbe-worthafortunenowadays.However,hesoldittohelppayformycollegeeducation.SometimesIthinkI'dratherhavetheconvertible.tomaintainreference(viaanaphora前指，回指)tothesamepeopleandthingsthroughout:father_he_he_hethemoregeneralconnectionscreatedbyanumberoftermswhichshareacommonelementofmeaning(e.g.'money')bought-saving-penny-worthafortune_sold_payOtheraspectsthatweneedtopayattention:Punctuation:Punctuationisanessentialaspectofdiscourseanalysis,sinceitgivesasemanticindicationoftherelationshipbetweensentencesandclauses.Sound-Effects:Sound-effects,evenatthelevelbeyondthesentence,shouldbetakenintoaccount,notonlyinpoetry,butinjingles.ReferentialSynonyms:Referentialsynonymsareusedtoavoidrepetitionratherthantosupplynewinformation.EnumeratorsContrastsConclusion:Alllengthsoflanguagecanbeusedasunitsoftranslationinthecourseofthetranslation.Eachlengthhasafunctionalcontributiontomake.Theunitoftranslationsaslidingscale,respondingaccordingtoothervaryingfactors.