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2009,11(3):2832290ChineseJournalofPesticideScience1,3,2,32,3,3,1(1.,100125;2.,210042;3.,100193):,,:;;;;DOI:10.3969/j.issn.100827303.2009.03.001:X820.4:A:100827303(2009)0320283208ReviewonUSAPesticideEcologicalRiskAssessmentTechniquesGUBao2gen1,3,CHENGYan2,ZHOUJun2ying32,WANGHui2min3CHENLong2zhi3,YUANShan2kui1(1.InstitutefortheControlofAgrochemicals,MinistryofAgriculture,Beijing100125,China;2.NanjingInstituteofEnvironmentalSciences,MEP,Nanjing210042,China;3.CollegeofAgricultureandBiotechnology,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100193,China)Abstract:Pesticideeco2riskassessmenttechniquesconcerningaquaticorganissmsinsurfacewater,terrestrialorganissms,andgroundwaterriskassessmenthavebeenestablishedofAmerica.Techniquespesticidecontainingforaquaticandterrestrialeco2riskassessmentofAmericawerereviewed,aimingtoprovidecluesforimprovingChineseeco2riskassessmenttechniquesandthusenhancingpesticideriskmanagementinChina.Keywords:pesticides;ecologicalriskassessment;aquaticeco2riskassessment;terrestrialeco2riskassessment;review,,,,,,,,,(U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,USEPA):2008212224;:2009204220.:(19622),,,,,;3(Authorforcorrespondence):(19662),,,,.:025285287002;E2mail:zhjynies@163.com:(200709039).Vol.1119983:,,,,,[14],[5,6],,,,,1,,,,,,,,:,1.1(EcologicalReceptor)[79],,,,USEPA1.1.1,,,(zebrafish)(rainbowtrout)(atlanticsilverside)1.1.2,,,,,,USEPA,(InternationalOrganizationforStandardization,ISO),(OrganisationforEconomicCo2operationandDevelopment,OECD)1.2(AssessmentEndpoint),[13],(),,,,,,(PersistentOrganicPollutants,POPs),,(NoObservedAdverseEcologicalConcentration,NOAEC)NOAEC11.3(Exposure)[13](ExposureAssessment)[79]482No.3:,(EstimatedEnvironmentalConcentration,EEC),EEC31Table1ReceptorsandendpointsofAmericaaquaticeco2riskassessmentReceptorEndpointFishLC50;NOAECAcuteLC50;ChronicNOAECDaphniaEC50;NOAECAcuteEC50;ChronicNOAEC1.3.1,,10%,0.5%,,,5%,,1%[10,11]1.3.2,USEPAUSEPA(OfficeofPesticidePrograms,OPP)(EECs),EEC,,GENEEC2,,,,PRZM2EXAMS1.3.3,[12],,,,1.4(RiskCharacterization),[79],USEPA,USEPA(,EEC)(LC50),(RiskQuotient,RQ)[(1)(2)]OPP(LevelsofConcern,LOCs),LOCs,,,,,[13,14]2USEPA[14,15],,/(TER),TER91/414/EEC(COUNCILDIRECTIVEConcerningthePlacingofPlantProtectionProductsontheMarket,),[16,17]:RQ=EC50LC50(1):RQ=NOAEC(2)2,582Vol.112Table2Levelsofconcerns(LOCs)andthecorrespondingriskpresumptionsandmanagementoptionsforaquaticanimalsRQLOCsRiskpresumptionManagementoptionEEC/LC50EC50EEC/LC50orEC50RQ0.05NoriskNoneofanymeasuresneedtobeadoptedEEC/LC50EC50EEC/LC50orEC500.05RQ0.1AcuteendangeredspeciesEndangeredspeciesmaybeadverselyaffectedEEC/LC50EC50EEC/LC50orEC500.1RQ0.5AcuterestrictedUse,Thepotentialforacuteriskishigh,butmaybemitigatedthroughrestricteduseclassificationEEC/LC50EC50EEC/LC50orEC50RQ0.5Acutehighrisk,,Potentialforacuteriskishigh,regulatoryactionmaybewarrantedinadditiontorestricteduseclassificationEEC/NO(A)ECRQ1.0Chronicrisk,Thepotentialforchronicriskishighandregulatoryactionmaybewarranted[14,18],,2.1,USEPA2.1.1,,,,,,,ColumbaliviaPhasianuscolchicusColinusvirginianusL.CoturnixcoturnixjaponicaAnasplatyrhynchosL.[19,20],,,,,,2.1.2(),,:,,[14]2.2,(LD50),(POPs),(LC50NOAEC)33Table3ReceptorsandendpointsofAmericaterrestrialeco2riskassessmentReceptorEndpointAvianLD50AcuteoralLD50LC50SubacutedietaryLC50NOAECAvianreproductionNOAECWildMammalsLD50AcuteoralLD50LC50SubacutedietaryLC50NOAECReproductionNOAEC682No.3:2.3,,,,,,,,,,11Fig.1Conceptualmodeloftheexposurepathwaysofbirdsandmammals:,Notes:Thicknessofarrowsdenotesrelativeimportanceofpathways,thethickerofthearrows,themoreimportantofthecorrespondingpathways.1,,,,,[14,18],USEPA2.3.1KenagaKenagaUTAB(Uptake,Translocation,AccumulationandBiotransformation)(4),,5[14,19]2.3.2,USEPATierIEco2RiskCalculatorT2REX/,,TierIUSEPA19973,ITierIEco2Risk782Vol.114Table4WildlifefooditemnomogramFooditemEECMaximumEEC/(mg/kg)EECAverageEEC/(mg/kg)Shortgrass24085Tallgrass11036Broadleafforage13545Insects,seeds,fruits157:EEC1120g(a.i.)/hm2,Notes:Residuesexpressedona1120g(a.i.)/hm2applicationbasis.Residuesofdifferentapplicationratescanbeobtainedaccordingtothis.Calculator,[22](TerrestrialResidueExposureModel,T2REX),T2REX[23]2.4,:(1):RQ=EECLC50RQ=(EEC)/LD505Table5PercentbodyweightconsumedformammalsBodyweight/g/()Herbivore/Insectivore(%bodyweightconsumed/d)()Granivore(%bodyweightconsumed/d)1595213566151000153:(IR)=[0.648()0.651]/1000(BW)20g100g1000g3(2):RQ=EECNOAEC(3):RQ=(EEC)/LD50(4):RQ=(EEC)/NOAEC,(RQ)6(LOCs),,[14]3,,,,,,2080,,,,[2426],,882No.3:6Table6Levelsofconcerns(LOCs)andthecorrespondingriskpresumptionsandmanagementoptionsforterrestrialorganismsRQLOCsRiskpresumptionManagementoptionsEEC/LC50RQ0.1NoriskNoneofanymeasuresneedtobeadopted.EEC/LC500.1RQ0.2AcuteendangeredspeciesEndangeredspeciesmaybeadverselyaffected.EEC/LC500.2RQ0.5Acuterestricteduse,Thepotentialforacuteriskishigh,butmaybemitigatedthroughrestricteduseclassification.EEC/LC50RQ0.5Acutehighrisk,,Potentialforacuteriskishigh,regulatoryactionmaybewarrantedinadditiontorestricteduseclassification.EEC/NOECRQ1.0Chronicrisk,Thepotentialforchronicriskishighandregulatory