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24.材料极其损伤24．1金属材料钢steel特殊钢specialsteel合金钢alloysteel低合金钢lowalloysteel高合金钢highalloysteel不锈钢stainlesssteel马氏体钢martensiticsteel奥氏体钢austeniticsteel耐热钢heat-resistingsteel高强度钢hightensilesteel高韧性钢toughandhardsteel表面渗透钢casehardeningsteel铸钢casesteel特殊铸钢specialcaststeel铁iron铸铁castiron特殊铸铁specialcastiron合金铸铁alloycastiron高级铸铁highgradecastiron珠墨铸铁spheroidalgraphiteiron可锻铸铁malleablecastiron铜copper青铜bronze特殊青铜specialbronze铝青铜aluminumbronze硅青铜siliconbronze磷青铜phosphorbronze黄铜brass铝黄铜aluminumbrass镀锡黄铜tinnedbrass白铜coppernickle镍锡合金nickelcopperalloy蒙乃尔合金Monelmetal铬镍铁合金Inconel耐热镍铬铁合金Inconel20合金20alloy钨铬钻合金stellite铬化硼系化合物colmonoy耐磨金属anti-frictionmetal轴承合金bearingmetal巴氏合金babbitmetal白色金属whitemetal油膜轴承合金Kelmet钎料solder银钎料silversolder24．2表面处理复合钢cladsteel衬里lining镀层coating涂复层overlay镀面surfacing均质衬里homogenlining表面硬度hard-facing金属喷涂metallikon喷漆金属metallizing电镀plating渗入处理cementation磷酸盐被膜处理parkerizing阳极氧化处理anodizing勃母石处理Boehmitetreatment钝化passivation扩散硬化diffusionhardening渗氨nitriding渗碳硬化casehardening24．3材料性质强度strength延性ductility韧性toughness脆性brittlenessshortness低温脆性lowtemperaturebrittleness冷脆coldshortness缺口脆性notchbrittleness热脆性redshortnessredbrittleness回火脆性temperbrittleness转变温度transitiontemperature蓝脆性blueshortnessbluebrittleness加工硬化workhardening沉淀硬化precipitationhardening应变实效strainaging淬火实效quenchaging敏化sensitizention24．4金相及加工石墨化处理graphitization变态transformation析出precipitation结晶crystallization恒温变态isothermaltransformation中间组织intermediatestructure恒温变态曲线time-temperature-transformationdiagram连续冷却相变图constantcoolingtransformationdiagram再结晶recrestallization偏析segregation金属间化合物intermetalliccompound非金属夹杂物non-metallicinclusion钢锭ingot钢坯billet压铸件diecastion离心铸件centrifugalcasting冷硬铸件chillcasting塑性加工plasticworking冷加工coldworking热加工hotworking温加工warmworking锻造forging轧制rolling热轧hotrolling冷轧coldrolling拨制drawing挤压extruding24．5热处理正火normalizing退火annealing扩散加热homogenizing完全退火fullannealing消除应力热处理stressreliefannealing低温退火lowtemperatureannealing球化处理spherodizing中间退火，低温退火processannealing淬火quenching部分淬火differentialquenching回火tempering调质refining恒温热处理isothermalheattreatment低温处理sub-zerotreatment时效处理again人工硬化warmhardening固熔化处理solutionannealing24．6材料组织及缺陷宏观组织macrostructure微观组织，显微组织microstructure树枝状组织dendriticstructure柱状组织columnarstructure针状组织acicularstructure层状组织lamellarstructure条状裂痕streakflaw折缝wrinkleseam轧裂rollburstforgeburst白点whitespotflake鱼眼fisheye幻影线ghostline裂纹crack淬裂quenchingcrack硫裂纹sulphurcrack细裂纹，发裂haircrack微裂纹microcrackmicrofissure纵向裂纹longitudinalcrack横向裂纹transversecrack延迟裂纹delayedcracking季裂seasoncracking软点softspot硬点hardspot分层lamination砂眼blister气孔blowhole针孔pinhole24．7腐蚀及其他材料损伤腐蚀corrosion全面腐蚀generalcorrosion间隙腐蚀crevicecorrosion点蚀pitting电化学腐蚀galvaniccorrosion接触腐蚀contactcorrosion晶间腐蚀intergranularcorrosion摩擦腐蚀frettingcorrosion刀切腐蚀knifelineattack侵蚀erosion侵蚀腐蚀erosioncorrosion脱锌dezincification应力腐蚀裂纹stresscorrosioncracking碱蚀致脆causticembrittlement氢脆hydrogenembrittlement氢腐蚀hydrogenattack氢气泡hydrogenblistering环境应力裂纹environmentalstresscracking高温腐蚀hightemperaturecorrosion高温氧化hightemperatureoxidation硫化sulfidation硝化nitrification渗碳carburization钒腐蚀vanadiumattack露点腐蚀dewpointcorrosion24．8有机材料塑料plastics合成树脂syntheticresin热塑性树脂thermo-plasticresin热固性树脂thermo-settingresin强化塑料reinforcedplastics合成橡胶elastomer泡沫塑料foam天然橡胶naturalrubber(NR)合成橡胶syntheticrubber硅胶siliconresin氟塑料fluoroplasticsfluorocarbons聚氯乙烯树脂polyvinycholrideresin(PVC)聚乙烯树脂polyethleneresin聚丙烯树脂polypropyleneresin聚脂树脂polyesterresin尼龙Nylon环氧树脂epoxyresin呋喃树脂furanresin聚偏二氯烯树脂polyvinylidenechlorideresin聚氨基甲酸脂树脂polyurethaneresin丙烯酸树脂acrylicresin脲醛树脂urearesin三聚氰胺树脂melamineresin24．9无机材料陶瓷ceramics陶器pottery磁器porcelain陶磁合金cermets抗渗透imperviouscarbon玻璃glass石棉asbestos岩棉rockwool硅藻土diatomaceousearth蛭石vermiculite非金属材料non-metallicmaterials复合材料compositematerialcomposite黑色金属ferrousmetal有色金属non-ferrousmetal碳钢carbonsteel合金钢alloysteel工艺系统部主页